AFMRO — Competency Questions
Workshop: AI-Assisted Ontology Engineering — KGC 2026
Author: Dougal Watt, Graph Research Labs

Twelve competency questions covering the canonical use cases of the
Aircraft Fleet Mission Readiness Ontology. Each CQ has:
  - the plain-language question
  - the use case it serves
  - the ontology elements it exercises
  - a SPARQL skeleton against the CLEAN ontology

The SPARQL skeletons are intentionally sketches; refine them when
generating tests via Artefact 5 in the workshop handout.

Prefixes:
  PREFIX afmro: <https://example.org/afmro/>
  PREFIX gist:  <https://w3id.org/semanticarts/ns/ontology/gist/>
  PREFIX rdf:   <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
  PREFIX rdfs:  <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
  PREFIX skos:  <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
  PREFIX xsd:   <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>

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CQ1 — Which aircraft are currently operated by Squadron X?
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Use case: morning standup, fleet attribution.
Elements: Aircraft, Squadron, operatedBy.
Skeleton:
  SELECT ?aircraft WHERE {
    ?aircraft a afmro:Aircraft ;
              afmro:operatedBy ?sq .
    ?sq skos:prefLabel "Squadron X"@en .
  }

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CQ2 — Which aircraft of category F-35A are mission-ready right now?
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Use case: scrambling decision support.
Elements: Aircraft, AircraftCategory (F-35A), ReadinessState,
ReadinessLevel (MissionReady), gist:isCategorizedBy, hasReadiness.
Skeleton:
  SELECT ?aircraft WHERE {
    ?aircraft a afmro:Aircraft ;
              gist:isCategorizedBy afmro:F-35A ;
              afmro:hasReadiness ?rs .
    ?rs gist:isCategorizedBy afmro:MissionReady .
  }

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CQ3 — For each squadron, how many of its aircraft are mission-ready?
----------------------------------------------------------------
Use case: command-level readiness dashboard.
Elements: Squadron, operatedBy, ReadinessState, MissionReady.
Skeleton:
  SELECT ?sq (COUNT(?aircraft) AS ?ready) WHERE {
    ?aircraft afmro:operatedBy ?sq ;
              afmro:hasReadiness ?rs .
    ?rs gist:isCategorizedBy afmro:MissionReady .
  } GROUP BY ?sq

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CQ4 — Which aircraft hold the air-to-ground capability?
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Use case: capability-driven mission planning.
Elements: Aircraft, Capability, CapabilityCategory (AirToGround),
hasCapability, gist:isCategorizedBy.
Skeleton:
  SELECT ?aircraft WHERE {
    ?aircraft afmro:hasCapability ?cap .
    ?cap gist:isCategorizedBy afmro:AirToGround .
  }

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CQ5 — Which mission plans require capabilities not currently held
by any operational aircraft in their assigned squadron?
----------------------------------------------------------------
Use case: capability-gap analysis pre-mission.
Elements: MissionPlan, requiresCapability, CapabilityCategory,
Aircraft, hasCapability, operatedBy. Multi-hop, exposes
property-direction errors immediately.
Skeleton:
  SELECT ?plan ?missingCap WHERE {
    ?plan a afmro:MissionPlan ;
          afmro:requiresCapability ?missingCap ;
          afmro:planFor ?mission .
    ?mission afmro:hasDirectParticipant ?aircraft .
    ?aircraft afmro:operatedBy ?sq .
    FILTER NOT EXISTS {
      ?ac2 afmro:operatedBy ?sq ;
           afmro:hasCapability ?cap2 .
      ?cap2 gist:isCategorizedBy ?missingCap .
    }
  }

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CQ6 — Which components of aircraft AC-001 have been affected by
maintenance events in the last 30 days?
----------------------------------------------------------------
Use case: maintenance trend tracking.
Elements: Aircraft, afmro:hasDirectPart, Component, MaintenanceEvent,
affectsAircraft, gist:occursIn, gist:TimeInterval.
Skeleton:
  SELECT ?component ?event WHERE {
    afmro:AC-001 afmro:hasDirectPart ?component .
    ?event a afmro:MaintenanceEvent ;
           afmro:affectsAircraft afmro:AC-001 ;
           gist:occursIn ?ti .
    ?ti gist:startDateTime ?start .
    FILTER (?start >= "2026-03-28T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime)
  }

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CQ7 — Which mission plans were drafted but never executed?
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Use case: planning effectiveness review. Critically depends on the
plan/occurrence distinction (gist:Task vs gist:Event).
Elements: MissionPlan, planFor, Mission, gist:occursIn.
Skeleton:
  SELECT ?plan WHERE {
    ?plan a afmro:MissionPlan ;
          afmro:planFor ?mission .
    FILTER NOT EXISTS {
      ?mission gist:occursIn ?ti .
    }
  }

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CQ8 — Which aircraft are in non-mission-ready state and what are
their open maintenance events?
----------------------------------------------------------------
Use case: sustainment work-list generation.
Elements: Aircraft, hasReadiness, NonMissionReady,
MaintenanceEvent, affectsAircraft.
Skeleton:
  SELECT ?aircraft ?event WHERE {
    ?aircraft afmro:hasReadiness ?rs .
    ?rs gist:isCategorizedBy afmro:NonMissionReady .
    OPTIONAL {
      ?event a afmro:MaintenanceEvent ;
             afmro:affectsAircraft ?aircraft .
      FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?event gist:occursIn/gist:hasEnd ?end . }
    }
  }

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CQ9 — Which crews are currently assigned to mission-ready
aircraft of squadron X?
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Use case: crew duty assignment.
Elements: Crew, Aircraft, afmro:assignedTo, operatedBy,
ReadinessState, MissionReady.
Skeleton:
  SELECT ?crew ?aircraft WHERE {
    ?crew a afmro:Crew ;
          afmro:assignedTo ?aircraft .
    ?aircraft afmro:operatedBy ?sq ;
              afmro:hasReadiness ?rs .
    ?sq skos:prefLabel "Squadron X"@en .
    ?rs gist:isCategorizedBy afmro:MissionReady .
  }

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CQ10 — How many sorties were flown by aircraft of category F-22
during a given month?
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Use case: utilisation reporting.
Elements: Sortie, afmro:hasDirectParticipant, Aircraft, gist:isCategorizedBy,
F-22, gist:occursIn.
Skeleton:
  SELECT (COUNT(?sortie) AS ?n) WHERE {
    ?sortie a afmro:Sortie ;
            afmro:hasDirectParticipant ?aircraft ;
            gist:occursIn ?ti .
    ?aircraft gist:isCategorizedBy afmro:F-22 .
    ?ti gist:startDateTime ?start .
    FILTER (?start >= "2026-04-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime
         && ?start <  "2026-05-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime)
  }

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CQ11 — Which bases currently host more aircraft than their
operating squadrons can crew?
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Use case: basing/posture review. Aggregation across multiple hops.
Elements: Base, Aircraft, stationedAt, Squadron, operatedBy, Crew,
afmro:assignedTo.
Skeleton:
  SELECT ?base (COUNT(DISTINCT ?ac) AS ?aircraftCount)
              (COUNT(DISTINCT ?crew) AS ?crewCount)
  WHERE {
    ?ac afmro:stationedAt ?base ;
        afmro:operatedBy ?sq .
    OPTIONAL {
      ?crew afmro:assignedTo ?ac .
    }
  } GROUP BY ?base
    HAVING (?aircraftCount > ?crewCount)

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CQ12 — Which mission plans require a capability that no aircraft
in the entire fleet currently holds?
----------------------------------------------------------------
Use case: fleet-level capability gap. Worst-case capability shortfall.
Elements: MissionPlan, requiresCapability, CapabilityCategory,
Aircraft, hasCapability.
Skeleton:
  SELECT ?plan ?missingCap WHERE {
    ?plan afmro:requiresCapability ?missingCap .
    FILTER NOT EXISTS {
      ?aircraft afmro:hasCapability ?cap .
      ?cap gist:isCategorizedBy ?missingCap .
    }
  }